English for Professional Purposes

Writing skills

Ben Stanley

Department of Social Sciences, SWPS University

June 22, 2026

Writing skills

Business memos

Purpose of memos

  • Inform: Share updates, announcements, or policy changes.
  • Request: Seek information, action, or feedback.
  • Confirm: Document decisions, agreements, or discussions.
  • Persuade: Advocate for a particular course of action.

Key components of memo

  • Header:
    • To: Recipient(s) name and title
    • From: Your name and title
    • Date: Full date
    • Subject: Clear, specific, and concise description
  • Opening:
    • Context: Briefly introduce the topic and its relevance.
    • Purpose: Clearly state the reason for writing the memo.

Key components of memo

  • Body:
    • Main points: Organise information logically with headings and bullet points.
    • Supporting details: Provide data, examples, or explanations as needed.
    • Call to action: Specify the desired outcome or next steps.
  • Closing:
    • Summary: Briefly restate the main points and purpose.
    • Contact information: Offer to answer questions or provide clarification.

Writing style and tone

  • Concise and direct: Avoid unnecessary words or jargon.
  • Professional and courteous: Use a respectful and formal tone.
  • Objective and factual: Focus on information, not opinions.
  • Active voice: Use strong verbs to make your writing clear and engaging.

Good style

Concise and direct:

  • “Please submit your expense reports by Friday, June 1st.”
  • “The new policy will take effect on January 1, 2024.”
  • “The meeting has been rescheduled to Tuesday, May 30th at 2:00 PM.”

Professional and courteous:

  • “Thank you for your attention to this matter.”
  • “We appreciate your cooperation in adhering to this policy.”
  • “Please let me know if you have any questions or concerns.”

Good style

Objective and factual:

  • “Sales have increased by 15% in the last quarter.”
  • “The project is currently behind schedule due to unforeseen delays.”
  • “We have received several complaints about the new product.”

Active voice:

  • “The team will complete the project by Friday.”
  • “The company has implemented a new flextime policy.”
  • “The manager approved the budget increase.”

Bad style

Wordy and indirect:

  • “It would be greatly appreciated if you could kindly submit your expense reports at your earliest convenience, but no later than the end of the business day on Friday, June 1st.”
  • “In the near future, we will be implementing a new policy that will become effective on the first day of the new year, 2024.”
  • “Due to a scheduling conflict, the meeting that was originally scheduled for Monday has been moved to Tuesday at 2:00 PM.”

Bad style

Unprofessional and discourteous:

  • “You need to get your expense reports in on time.”
  • “This policy is mandatory, so get used to it.”
  • “I don’t have time to answer your stupid questions.”

Bad style

Subjective and opinionated:

  • “Sales are through the roof!”
  • “This project is a complete disaster.”
  • “The new product is a total rip-off.”

Bad style

Passive voice:

  • “The project will be completed by Friday by the team.”
  • “A new flextime policy has been implemented by the company.”
  • “The budget increase was approved by the manager.”

Formatting

  • Single-spaced: Use standard font (e.g., Arial 12pt).
  • Paragraphs: Keep them short and focused on a single idea.
  • White space: Use margins and line breaks to improve readability.
  • Headings and lists: Organise information for easy scanning.

Example of a well-written memo

MEMORANDUM

  • To: All Employees
  • From: Jan Kowalski, Chief Operating Officer
  • Date: May 27, 2024
  • Subject: New flextime policy implementation

Example of a well-written memo

[OPENING]

As part of our ongoing efforts to improve employee satisfaction and work-life balance, we are pleased to announce the implementation of a new flextime policy. This policy is designed to provide you with greater flexibility in scheduling your work hours while ensuring that business needs are met.

Example of a well-written memo

[BODY]

Key points of the policy

  • Core work hours: All employees will be required to work core hours of 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM, Monday through Friday.
  • Flexible hours: Outside of core hours, employees may choose their start and end times, as long as they complete their required 40 hours per week.
  • Approval process: Employees must obtain approval from their supervisor for their chosen flextime schedule.
  • Policy effective date: The new policy will take effect on June 10, 2024.

Additional information

  • This policy does not apply to employees whose roles require fixed work hours.
  • Supervisors will work with employees to ensure that their flextime schedules do not negatively impact team productivity or customer service.

Example of a well-written memo

[CLOSING]

We believe that this new policy will be a valuable benefit for our employees. We encourage you to take advantage of this opportunity to create a work schedule that better suits your needs. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact your supervisor or the Human Resources Department.

Example of a well-written memo

[CONTACT INFORMATION]

  • Human Resources Department
  • Email: hr@company.com
  • Phone: (555) 555-5555

Short business proposals

The essence of short business proposals

  • Core purpose: Secure agreement or funding for a specific project or idea.
  • Audience focus: Busy decision-makers; value their time.
  • Key characteristics:
    • Brevity (1-2 pages ideal)
    • Clarity of language
    • Compelling value proposition
    • Emphasis on results/benefits

Types of proposals

  • Solicited: Responding to a direct request (Request For Proposal, Request For Quote).
  • Unsolicited: Proactively presenting solutions.
  • Renewal: Extending or modifying existing agreements.

Know your audience

Research:

  • Thoroughly understand the client’s business, industry, and target market.
  • Identify their specific needs, challenges, and pain points.
  • Research their competitors to understand the market landscape.

Know your audience

Tailor:

  • Customise the proposal to address the client’s unique situation and needs.
  • Avoid generic templates and show that you have invested time in understanding their business.
  • Use language and terminology that resonates with the client.

Know your audience

Pain points:

  • Clearly articulate the client’s challenges and how your solution directly addresses them.
  • Quantify the impact of these challenges to emphasise the urgency and value of your solution.

Key components: Title page

Purpose: The first impression; sets the professional tone.

Elements:

  • Project Title: Clear, concise, informative
  • Your Company Name & Logo: Establish credibility
  • Client’s Company Name (if applicable): Show personalization
  • Date: Keep it current
  • (Optional) Confidentiality Notice: If sensitive information is included

Key components: Executive summary

Purpose: The “elevator pitch” of your proposal; hook the reader quickly.

Key points to include:

  • Problem statement (in brief)
  • Proposed solution (high-level overview)
  • Most compelling benefit(s)
  • Call to action (subtle hint at next steps)
  • Length: Ideally a single paragraph, maximum of half a page

Key components: Problem statement

Purpose: Demonstrate a deep understanding of the client’s pain points or missed opportunities.

How to approach:

  • Be specific and factual (use data if possible)
  • Avoid jargon; use the client’s language
  • Focus on impact – how the problem affects their bottom line or goals
  • Consider using a “before” scenario to illustrate the current situation

Key components: Proposed solution

Purpose: Clearly articulate how your product, service, or idea will solve the problem.

What to include:

  • Key features and functionalities
  • Unique value proposition (what sets you apart)
  • Approach/methodology (high-level, but showcase expertise)
  • Customization: How the solution will be tailored to the client’s needs

Key components: Key benefits / deliverables

Purpose: Show the client what’s in it for them – tangible outcomes and value.

Strategies:

  • Quantifiable results (e.g., “20% reduction in costs,” “3x faster turnaround”)
  • Address both quantitative and qualitative benefits (e.g., increased efficiency, improved morale)
  • Prioritize the most important benefits to the specific client
  • Use strong language and visuals to reinforce the impact

Key components: Timeline / milestones

Purpose: Provide a realistic project schedule to set expectations.

Key elements:

  • Major phases or deliverables
  • Estimated start and end dates
  • (Optional) Dependencies between tasks
  • Visual representation: Gantt chart or simple timeline graphic

Key components: Budget / investment

Purpose: Clearly outline the financial aspects of the proposal.

What to include:

  • Detailed cost breakdown
  • Payment terms/schedule
  • (For investors) Expected return on investment (ROI)
  • Pricing model (fixed fee, hourly rate, etc.)

Key components: Call to action

Purpose: Guide the reader on the next steps.

Typical elements:

  • Contact information (name, email, phone)
  • Invitation to discuss further
  • (Optional) Proposal expiration date to create urgency

Additional elements

  • Storytelling: Craft a narrative that connects with the client emotionally and demonstrates your understanding of their challenges.
  • Social proof: Include testimonials, case studies, or references to past successes to build credibility and trust.
  • Differentiation: Highlight what sets you apart from competitors, whether it’s your expertise, experience, unique approach, or value-added services.
  • Follow-up: Don’t be afraid to reach out after submitting the proposal to enquire about their decision and offer further assistance.