Informacje podstawowe

• Kierunek: Zarządzanie i przywództwo (studia niestacjonarne, II stopień)
• Semestr: letni 2025/2026
• Punkty ECTS: 3
• Liczba godzin: 24 (zajęcia) + 75 (praca własna)
• Prowadzący: dr hab. Benjamin Stanley, prof. Uniwersytetu SWPS
• Kontakt: bstanley@swps.edu.pl
• Materiały: Google Classroom

Treści programowe

• 01.03 Wprowadzenie i podstawy biznesu
  • Wprowadzenie do globalnego angielskiego biznesowego
  • Rodzaje podmiotów gospodarczych

Treści programowe

• 22.03 Strategia i struktura
  • Strategie biznesowe
  • Struktura firmy

Treści programowe

• 29.03 Kultura organizacyjna i przywództwo
  • Kultura i etyka w biznesie
  • Style zarządzania i przywództwa

Treści programowe

• 19.04 Finanse, ludzie i innowacje
  • Finanse organizacji
  • Zarządzanie ludźmi
  • Konkurencja i innowacje

Treści programowe

• 26.04 Umiejętności pisania zawodowego
  • Notatki służbowe i propozycje biznesowe
  • Raporty biznesowe

Treści programowe

• 10.05 Umiejętności komunikacji ustnej
  • Techniki prezentacyjne
  • Współpraca i negocjacje

Zaliczenie

• 17.05 Sprawdzian ustny
• 07.06 Sprawdzian pisemny / sprawdzian ustny

Sprawdzian ustny (50 punktów)

• Ustna odpowiedź na pytanie wylosowane z listy pytań dotyczących treści ze spotkań 1–4
• Poprawność językowa (16 pkt)
  • Gramatyka i składnia (8 pkt), słownictwo biznesowe (8 pkt)
• Treść odpowiedzi (20 pkt)
  • Zrozumienie pytania (6 pkt), kompletność odpowiedzi (8 pkt), użycie przykładów/argumentów (6 pkt)
• Płynność i komunikacja (14 pkt)
  • Płynność wypowiedzi (8 pkt), wymowa i intonacja (4 pkt), pewność siebie i naturalność (2 pkt)

Sprawdzian pisemny (50 punktów)

• 25 pytań jednokrotnego wyboru, każde warte 2 punkty
• Pytania sprawdzają znajomość języka angielskiego w zakresie:
  • Podmiotów i struktur biznesowych
  • Koncepcji zarządzania i przywództwa
  • Zasad finansowych
  • Strategii biznesowych
  • Aspektów kulturowych i etycznych

Warunki zaliczenia

• Łączna liczba punktów do zdobycia: 100
• Minimalna liczba punktów do zaliczenia: 51 (w tym min. 25 za sprawdzian ustny i min. 26 za sprawdzian pisemny)
• Niezaliczenie któregokolwiek ze sprawdzianów oznacza niezaliczenie całego przedmiotu

Obecność na zajęciach

• Obecność na wszystkich zajęciach jest obowiązkowa
• Przekroczenie 20% nieobecności (ale nie więcej niż 50%) — prowadzący wyznacza zadania do odrobienia
• Nieobecność na więcej niż 50% zajęć skutkuje niezaliczeniem przedmiotu

Overview: topics, grammar, and vocabulary

Today’s plan

• Part 1 (~30 min): Vocabulary acquisition — globalisation
  • Reading text: Global Economic Shifts
  • Key vocabulary and definitions
  • Comprehension and vocabulary exercises
• Part 2 (~20 min): Grammar — present perfect tenses
  • Present perfect, present perfect continuous, future perfect
  • Grammar exercises
• Break (15 min)
• Part 3 (~55 min): Grammar — conditionals
  • Zero, first, second, third conditionals
  • Inversions and formal conditionals
  • Conditionals exercises

Reading: Global Economic Shifts

Read the text on page 1 of the exercises document.

As you read, underline or highlight:

• Any words or phrases you don’t know
• Key vocabulary related to international trade and economics
• Examples of present perfect, present perfect continuous, and future perfect tenses

Discussion: key ideas from the text

1. What are the main forces driving global economic transformation according to the text?

2. How have developing economies been affected by globalisation?

3. What future trends does the text predict?

4. What challenges has globalisation created?

Key vocabulary: globalisation

Key vocabulary: globalisation (continued)

Key vocabulary: globalisation (continued)

Vocabulary in context

Find the following terms in the reading text and note the context in which they are used:

1. Liberalisation (paragraph 2) — what has it been a key driver of?
2. Tariffs and non-tariff barriers (paragraph 2) — what has happened to them?
3. Outsourcing (paragraph 3) — what kinds of processes have been relocated?
4. Economies of scale (paragraph 3) — what has this allowed companies to do?
5. Protectionism (paragraph 5) — what has contributed to its rise?

Handout exercise: comprehension questions

Complete the comprehension questions in the exercises document.

• Section A: Multiple choice (questions 1–8)
• Section B: True, false, or not given (questions 9–15)
• Section C: Short answer questions (questions 16–20)

Question 1

According to the text, since the early 1990s, world trade has:

1. Grown at the same rate as world production
2. Grown at a slower rate than world production
3. Grown at a faster rate than world production
4. Declined relative to world production

Answer 1

c) Grown at a faster rate than world production

Question 2

Which organisation has been working to establish global trading rules since 1995?

1. The European Union
2. ASEAN
3. The World Trade Organisation
4. Multinational corporations

Answer 2

c) The World Trade Organisation

Question 3

The text identifies which of the following as a key driver of global economic transformations?

1. Increasing tariffs
2. Trade liberalisation
3. Reduced foreign investment
4. Declining e-commerce

Answer 3

b) Trade liberalisation

Question 4

According to the text, which country has become the world’s manufacturing powerhouse?

1. India
2. United States
3. European Union
4. China

Answer 4

d) China

Question 5

What issue does the text mention has been associated with globalisation in developed nations?

1. Job losses
2. Population growth
3. Increased exports
4. Rising wages

Answer 5

a) Job losses

Question 6

By which year does the text predict China will have overtaken the United States as the world’s largest economy?

1. 2050
2. 2040
3. By the end of this decade
4. 2035

Answer 6

c) By the end of this decade

Question 7

Which technology has been facilitating cross-border transactions with greater security?

1. Artificial intelligence
2. Blockchain
3. Automation
4. E-commerce

Answer 7

b) Blockchain

Question 8

What event exposed vulnerabilities in global supply chains according to the text?

1. The rise of China
2. Digital transformation
3. The COVID-19 pandemic
4. Climate change

Answer 8

c) The COVID-19 pandemic

Question 9

Most major economies will have transitioned to renewable energy sources by 2045.

Answer 9

False — The text states “by 2035,” not 2045.

Question 10

Per capita income in China will not be larger than that of the United States even after China becomes the world’s largest economy.

Answer 10

True — The text states “though per capita income will remain significantly lower.”

Question 11

Demographic shifts will result in population declines in many emerging markets.

Answer 11

False — The text says many developed economies will experience population declines, while Africa will add over one billion people to its workforce.

Question 12

The European Union is the world’s most integrated customs union.

Answer 12

Not given — The text says the EU has created “one of the world’s most integrated customs unions,” not necessarily the most integrated.

Question 13

Digital platforms will have replaced all traditional business models by 2030.

Answer 13

False — The text says digital platforms will become the “dominant” business model, not that they will replace all traditional ones. No date of 2030 is mentioned for this.

Question 14

The fundamental trajectory toward greater global economic integration is expected to reverse in the coming decades.

Answer 14

False — The text says it “seems likely to continue, albeit in modified forms.”

Question 15

Companies have been diversifying their supply networks in response to vulnerabilities exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Answer 15

True — The text states “Companies will have diversified their supply networks” in response to vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic.

Question 16

Identify two ways that digital technologies have impacted global business according to the text.

Answer 16

Any two of: E-commerce has enabled small companies to access international markets; blockchain has facilitated cross-border transactions with greater security; automation and AI have transformed production processes; digital technologies have revolutionised how businesses operate across borders.

Question 17

What does the text suggest has been happening to the distribution of benefits from globalisation?

Answer 17

The benefits have not been distributed equally. While millions have been lifted out of poverty (particularly in Asia), many communities in developed nations have experienced job losses as manufacturing shifted to lower-cost locations.

Question 18

Explain what the text means by “shifting the centre of economic gravity eastward and southward.”

Answer 18

It means that the combined economies of emerging markets (particularly in Asia and Africa) will have exceeded those of traditional developed nations, meaning that economic power is moving away from the West (North America, Europe) toward Asia and the Global South.

Question 19

What does the text identify as the “key challenge for policymakers and business leaders”?

Answer 19

Managing the transformation to harness globalisation’s potential while addressing its inevitable disruptions — balancing the benefits of global integration with mitigating its negative consequences.

Question 20

According to the text, how has India benefited from globalisation?

Answer 20

India has established itself as a global hub for information technology services, with companies from around the world outsourcing software development and customer support operations to Indian firms.

Handout exercise: vocabulary gap-fill

Complete the 20-question vocabulary gap-fill exercise in the exercises document.

Question 1

The government imposed a new ______________ of 25% on imported steel to protect domestic producers.

Answer 1

The government imposed a new tariff of 25% on imported steel to protect domestic producers.

Question 2

After years of ______________, many developing countries have opened their markets to international competition.

Answer 2

After years of liberalisation, many developing countries have opened their markets to international competition.

Question 3

The European Union is an example of a ______________ where member states do not charge customs duties on goods moving between them.

Answer 3

The European Union is an example of a customs union where member states do not charge customs duties on goods moving between them.

Question 4

Many technology companies engage in ______________ by moving their customer service operations to countries with lower labour costs.

Answer 4

Many technology companies engage in outsourcing by moving their customer service operations to countries with lower labour costs.

Question 5

Complex safety regulations can act as a ______________ that effectively restricts imports without explicitly imposing taxes.

Answer 5

Complex safety regulations can act as a non-tariff barrier that effectively restricts imports without explicitly imposing taxes.

Question 6

The USA currently has a ______________ with China, meaning it imports more goods from China than it exports to China.

Answer 6

The USA currently has a trade deficit with China, meaning it imports more goods from China than it exports to China.

Question 7

Countries within ASEAN form a significant ______________ that negotiates preferential trading terms with other nations.

Answer 7

Countries within ASEAN form a significant trade bloc that negotiates preferential trading terms with other nations.

Question 8

The agreement between the UK and Australia represents an important ______________ relationship that benefits both economies.

Answer 8

The agreement between the UK and Australia represents an important bilateral trade relationship that benefits both economies.

Question 9

The World Trade Organization facilitates ______________ agreements involving numerous countries simultaneously.

Answer 9

The World Trade Organization facilitates multilateral trade agreements involving numerous countries simultaneously.

Question 10

Japan and South Korea formed a ______________ to develop new battery technology, sharing both the costs and the potential profits.

Answer 10

Japan and South Korea formed a joint venture to develop new battery technology, sharing both the costs and the potential profits.

Question 11

Many governments provide a ______________ to their agricultural sectors to keep domestic food prices low and support farmers.

Answer 11

Many governments provide a subsidy to their agricultural sectors to keep domestic food prices low and support farmers.

Question 12

The United States imposed a complete ______________ on Cuban goods, prohibiting any trade between the two countries.

Answer 12

The United States imposed a complete embargo on Cuban goods, prohibiting any trade between the two countries.

Question 13

In response to unfair competition, the EU accused China of ______________ solar panels at prices below production cost.

Answer 13

In response to unfair competition, the EU accused China of dumping solar panels at prices below production cost.

Question 14

Car manufacturers achieve ______________ by producing millions of vehicles, which reduces the cost per unit.

Answer 14

Car manufacturers achieve economies of scale by producing millions of vehicles, which reduces the cost per unit.

Question 15

The company’s ______________ strategy involves adapting their products to meet the specific cultural preferences of each market.

Answer 15

The company’s localisation strategy involves adapting their products to meet the specific cultural preferences of each market.

Question 16

The government placed a strict ______________ on rice imports to protect domestic farmers, limiting imports to 100,000 tonnes per year.

Answer 16

The government placed a strict quota on rice imports to protect domestic farmers, limiting imports to 100,000 tonnes per year.

Question 17

______________ from developed nations into emerging markets has accelerated economic development in recipient countries.

Answer 17

Foreign direct investment from developed nations into emerging markets has accelerated economic development in recipient countries.

Question 18

The profit ______________ rules require multinational companies to transfer earnings from foreign subsidiaries back to the parent company’s country.

Answer 18

The profit repatriation rules require multinational companies to transfer earnings from foreign subsidiaries back to the parent company’s country.

Question 19

Critics of ______________ argue that it leads to job losses in developed countries and exploitation of workers in developing nations.

Answer 19

Critics of globalisation argue that it leads to job losses in developed countries and exploitation of workers in developing nations.

Question 20

Rising ______________ in various countries threatens to reverse decades of international economic integration.

Answer 20

Rising protectionism in various countries threatens to reverse decades of international economic integration.

Why these tenses matter in business English

• Business communication frequently discusses trends, developments, and projections
• The reading text you’ve just studied uses all three tenses extensively:
  • “World trade has grown at a faster rate…” (present perfect)
  • “The WTO has been working since 1995…” (present perfect continuous)
  • “By 2050, several trends will have reshaped…” (future perfect)

Present perfect

Structure: has/have + past participle

When to use:

• For completed actions with present relevance

• For experiences that happened at an unspecified time in the past

• For changes or developments from the past to the present

• With time expressions like “since,” “for,” “already,” “yet,” “ever,” “never”

Present perfect continuous

Structure: has/have been + present participle (-ing)

When to use:

• For actions that started in the past and continue to the present

• For ongoing processes and trends

• To emphasise the duration or continuity of an action

• With time expressions indicating duration

Future perfect

Structure: will have + past participle

When to use:

• For actions that will be completed before a specific future time

• For predictions about what will have happened by a certain point

• With time expressions like “by,” “by the time,” “by then,” “by the end of”

Comparing tenses

Present perfect: “The EU has created a single market.” (Completed action with present relevance)

Present perfect continuous: “The EU has been creating more integrated financial systems.” (Ongoing process that started in the past)

Future perfect: “By 2030, the EU will have created a fully digital economy.” (Action that will be completed by a specific future time)

Spotting tenses in the reading text

Go back to the reading text. Find one example of each tense:

1. Present perfect: a completed action with present relevance

2. Present perfect continuous: an ongoing process or trend

3. Future perfect: a prediction about a specific future point

Question 1

Since the early 1990s, world trade _________________ (grow) at a faster rate than world production.

Answer 1

Since the early 1990s, world trade has grown (grow) at a faster rate than world production.

Question 2

By 2030, e-commerce _________________ (transform) the retail landscape completely.

Answer 2

By 2030, e-commerce will have transformed (transform) the retail landscape completely.

Question 3

Global companies _________________ (struggle) to adapt to changing regulatory environments since the financial crisis.

Answer 3

Global companies have been struggling (struggle) to adapt to changing regulatory environments since the financial crisis.

Question 4

Experts predict that by 2040, renewable energy _________________ (replace) fossil fuels in most developed economies.

Answer 4

Experts predict that by 2040, renewable energy will have replaced (replace) fossil fuels in most developed economies.

Question 5

The World Trade Organisation _________________ (work) to reduce trade barriers since its formation in 1995.

Answer 5

The World Trade Organisation has been working (work) to reduce trade barriers since its formation in 1995.

Question 6

The process of globalisation _________________ (accelerate) dramatically since the advent of the internet.

Answer 6

The process of globalisation has accelerated (accelerate) dramatically since the advent of the internet.

Question 7

Many traditional manufacturing jobs _________________ (disappear) from Western economies over the past three decades.

Answer 7

Many traditional manufacturing jobs have disappeared (disappear) from Western economies over the past three decades.

Question 8

Economists believe that by the end of this decade, India _________________ (overtake) several European countries in terms of GDP.

Answer 8

Economists believe that by the end of this decade, India will have overtaken (overtake) several European countries in terms of GDP.

Question 9

Developing nations _________________ (increase) their share of global trade significantly since 2000.

Answer 9

Developing nations have increased (increase) their share of global trade significantly since 2000.

Question 10

The World Trade Organisation _________________ (work) to reduce trade barriers since its formation in 1995.

Answer 10

The World Trade Organisation has been working (work) to reduce trade barriers since its formation in 1995.

Question 11

By 2025, most multinational corporations _________________ (establish) significant operations in emerging markets.

Answer 11

By 2025, most multinational corporations will have established (establish) significant operations in emerging markets.

Question 12

The gig economy _________________ (change) traditional employment patterns over the past decade.

Answer 12

The gig economy has been changing (change) traditional employment patterns over the past decade.

Question 13

International investors _________________ (shift) significant amounts of capital to Asian markets in recent years.

Answer 13

International investors have shifted (shift) significant amounts of capital to Asian markets in recent years.

Question 14

Experts predict that by 2035, automation _________________ (eliminate) up to 30% of current jobs worldwide.

Answer 14

Experts predict that by 2035, automation will have eliminated (eliminate) up to 30% of current jobs worldwide.

Question 15

Since the beginning of globalisation, consumer prices _________________ (fall) in many product categories.

Answer 15

Since the beginning of globalisation, consumer prices have fallen (fall) in many product categories.

Question 16

The European Union _________________ (negotiate) trade agreements with numerous countries since its inception.

Answer 16

The European Union has been negotiating (negotiate) trade agreements with numerous countries since its inception.

Question 17

By the end of this century, climate change _________________ (alter) global agricultural production patterns significantly.

Answer 17

By the end of this century, climate change will have altered (alter) global agricultural production patterns significantly.

Question 18

Multinational corporations _________________ (adapt) their strategies to accommodate cultural differences for many decades.

Answer 18

Multinational corporations have been adapting (adapt) their strategies to accommodate cultural differences for many decades.

Question 19

Digital platforms _________________ (revolutionise) how businesses connect with international customers.

Answer 19

Digital platforms have revolutionised (revolutionise) how businesses connect with international customers.

Question 20

Economic analysts predict that by 2050, several African nations _________________ (develop) into major economic powers.

Answer 20

Economic analysts predict that by 2050, several African nations will have developed (develop) into major economic powers.

Handout exercise: grammar

Complete the full 20-question grammar exercise in the exercises document.

Conditionals in business English

• Conditionals are pivotal for discussing scenarios involving strategy, decision-making, and forecasting
• Zero conditional: general truths (If/When + present simple, present simple)
• First conditional: real and possible future outcomes (If + present simple, will + base form)
• Second conditional: hypothetical situations (If + past simple, would + base form)
• Third conditional: reflecting on past decisions (If + past perfect, would have + past participle)

Zero conditional

• Structure: If/When + present simple, present simple
• Use: To discuss general truths or outcomes that are universally true within a business context
• Example: If you mix high demand with low supply, prices increase.

First conditional

• Structure: If + present simple, will + base form of the verb
• Use: To discuss real and possible future outcomes in the business world
• Example: If we launch the new product line next quarter, our revenue will increase.

Second conditional

• Structure: If + past simple, would + base form of the verb
• Use: To discuss hypothetical situations that could impact business decisions
• Example: If we invested in blockchain technology, we could streamline our supply chain.

Third conditional

• Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle
• Use: To reflect on past business decisions that did not happen
• Example: If we had expanded to the Asian market last year, we would have doubled our profits.

Formal and inverted conditionals

In formal business writing, conditionals can be expressed using inversion:

• Were + subject + to-infinitive (= second conditional)
  • “Were the company to invest in R&D, it could gain a competitive advantage.”
• Had + subject + past participle (= third conditional)
  • “Had the board approved the merger, the company would have doubled in size.”
• Should + subject + base form (= first conditional, more formal)
  • “Should the market decline, we will need to adjust our strategy.”

Conditional summary

Identifying conditionals in context

Read these business scenarios and identify the conditional type:

1. “If we reduce our prices, we will attract more customers.”

2. “If we had invested in renewable energy five years ago, we would have saved millions.”

3. “If you add more value, customers pay more.”

4. “If the government raised corporate taxes, many firms would relocate abroad.”

5. “Should the merger proceed, employees will be informed within 48 hours.”

Answers: identifying conditionals

1. “If we reduce our prices, we will attract more customers.” — First conditional

2. “If we had invested in renewable energy five years ago, we would have saved millions.” — Third conditional

3. “If you add more value, customers pay more.” — Zero conditional

4. “If the government raised corporate taxes, many firms would relocate abroad.” — Second conditional

5. “Should the merger proceed, employees will be informed within 48 hours.” — Inverted first conditional

Handout exercise: conditionals

Complete the full 20-question conditionals exercise in the exercises document.

Question 1

If the government (to introduce) more stringent regulations for corporations, many (have to) revise their compliance strategies.

Answer 1

If the government introduces more stringent regulations for corporations, many will have to revise their compliance strategies.

Question 2

If the founders (to choose) a corporation instead of a partnership at the outset, they (to face) personal bankruptcy.

Answer 2

If the founders had chosen a corporation instead of a partnership at the outset, they might not have faced personal bankruptcy.

Question 3

If a business (to want) to limit its owners’ personal liability, it (should / to consider) forming an LLC.

Answer 3

If a business wants to limit its owners’ personal liability, it should consider forming an LLC.

Question 4

Were a cooperative (to implement) innovative technology, it (to streamline) its operations and enhance member satisfaction.

Answer 4

Were a cooperative to implement innovative technology, it could streamline its operations and enhance member satisfaction.

Question 5

Had the business (to structure) as an LLC from the beginning, it (to enjoy) more flexibility in profit distribution.

Answer 5

Had the business been structured as an LLC from the beginning, it would have enjoyed more flexibility in profit distribution.

Question 6

If a cooperative (to manage) to effectively pool resources, it (significantly / to reduce) costs for its members.

Answer 6

If a cooperative manages to effectively pool resources, it will significantly reduce costs for its members.

Question 7

Were a cooperative (to implement) innovative technology, it (to streamline) its operations and enhance member satisfaction.

Answer 7

Were a cooperative to implement innovative technology, it could streamline its operations and enhance member satisfaction.

Question 8

Whenever a corporation (to issue) new shares, its existing shareholders (to dilute) their ownership percentage.

Answer 8

Whenever a corporation issues new shares, its existing shareholders dilute their ownership percentage.

Question 9

If a partnership (to not draft) a comprehensive partnership agreement, they (to encounter) legal problems in the future.

Answer 9

If a partnership does not draft a comprehensive partnership agreement, they will encounter legal problems in the future.

Question 10

Had the business (to structure) as an LLC from the beginning, it (to enjoy) more flexibility in profit distribution.

Answer 10

Had the business been structured as an LLC from the beginning, it would have enjoyed more flexibility in profit distribution.

Question 11

If the company (to opt) for an S corporation status, how (to affect) its tax liabilities?

Answer 11

If the company opted for an S corporation status, how would it affect its tax liabilities?

Question 12

If a business (to want) to limit its owners’ personal liability, it (should / to consider) forming an LLC.

Answer 12

If a business wants to limit its owners’ personal liability, it should consider forming an LLC.

Question 13

When partners in a general partnership (to disagree) on fundamental business decisions, the partnership (to suffer) operational inefficiencies.

Answer 13

When partners in a general partnership disagree on fundamental business decisions, the partnership suffers operational inefficiencies.

Question 14

If an investor (to be) more risk-averse, he (to prefer) investing in corporations over sole proprietorships.

Answer 14

If an investor were more risk-averse, he would prefer investing in corporations over sole proprietorships.

Question 15

Were a sole proprietorship (to convert) into a corporation, it (might / to find) it easier to attract investors.

Answer 15

Were a sole proprietorship to convert into a corporation, it might find it easier to attract investors.

Question 16

Should an entrepreneur (to fail) to understand the tax implications of their chosen entity, they (to face) unexpected fiscal obligations.

Answer 16

Should an entrepreneur fail to understand the tax implications of their chosen entity, they will face unexpected fiscal obligations.

Question 17

If the cooperative (to not meet) its members’ needs, it (to struggle) to sustain its operations.

Answer 17

If the cooperative does not meet its members’ needs, it will struggle to sustain its operations.

Question 18

Had the entrepreneur (to understand) the implications of sole proprietorship, he (might / to opt) for a different business entity.

Answer 18

Had the entrepreneur understood the implications of sole proprietorship, he might have opted for a different business entity.

Question 19

If partnerships (to offer) limited liability, (to be) as popular as LLCs?

Answer 19

If partnerships offered limited liability, would they be as popular as LLCs?

Question 20

If a cooperative (to fail) to distribute its profits equitably among members, it (would / to risk) losing its cooperative status.

Answer 20

If a cooperative failed to distribute its profits equitably among members, it would risk losing its cooperative status.